Il thimerosal o thiomersal o mertiolato (sodio etilmercuriotiosalicilato), preservante
impiegato nei vaccini e a base di mercurio organico (quindi una potenziale neuro-immunotossina), provoca reazioni allergiche negli animali e potrebbe aumentare gli effetti
collaterali delle vaccinazioni nell'uomo ?
Nel 1994 questa ricerca si
pronunciava affermativamente:
(1) Int Arch Allergy Immunol
1994 Jul;104(3):296-301
Thimerosal induces toxic
reaction in non-sensitized animals. Uchida T, Naito S, Kato H, Hatano I, Harashima A,
Terada Y, Ohkawa T, Chino F, Eto K, Department of Safety Research on Biologics, National
Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.
The effects of injection of
thimerosal solution on nonsensitized animals was investigated. Intrafootpad injection of
thimerosal solution in nonsensitized mice resulted in a swelling response which peaked 1 h
after injection and lasted for more than 24 h. Histopathological examination showed that
there were severe edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils at the site of
injection. An increased vascular permeability was observed after cutaneous injection of
thimerosal solution on the back of nonsensitized rats.
Since mercuric chloride and
methyl mercury induced severer reactions, and thiosalicylic acid had no effect, mercury
contained in thimerosal would have caused the reactions observed in this
study.
These results suggest that
part of these hypersensitivity reactions against thimerosal observed among patients were
possibly induced by the toxic effect of thimerosal. Therefore, thimerosal contained as a
preservative in vaccine may augment the side-effects of the vaccination. PMID: 7518269,
UI: 94305382
Tale effetto è stato
riscontrato anche nell'uomo ? Si; e questo sin dal lontano 1980.
Già allora venne suggerito
che il thimerosal dovesse venire sostituito da qualche altro agente antibatterico (senza
mercurio), ma tale suggerimento all'epoca non venne preso in alcuna considerazione:
(2) Contact Dermatitis 1980
Jun;6(4):241-5 Merthiolate hypersensitivity and vaccination.
Forstrom L, Hannuksela M,
Kousa M, Lehmuskallio E
Epicutaneous tests with 0.1%
merthiolate in petrolatum showed hypersensitivity in 96 of 4647 eczema patients (2.0%) and
in seven of 105 healthy recruits (7%). There was a marked preponderance of young age
classes in the eczema group. Twelve of 41 merthiolate-positive patients tested reacted to
mercury alone, three to thiosalicylic acid alone and one to both. The remaining 25
patients reacted to neither of the individual components although the merthiolate complex
as a whole gave a positive test result.
Forty-five of the
merthiolate-positive patients were tested subcutaneously with 0.5 ml of a 0.01%
merthiolate solution, i.e. a dose equal to that contained in one shot of tetanus toxoid,
for example.
Nine patients developed a
local reaction at the site of the injection, and the area became eczematous in four cases.
In one of the patients the eczema spread over the body, causing fever. Since
merthiolate-sensitive patients also react to merthiolate administered intracutaneously,
the vaccinator should avoid the use of a needle whose outer surface has been contaminated
when the vaccine was aspirated from the bottle. However, even when this precautionary
measure is taken, local reactions can be expected in such a high percentage of
merthiolate-sensitive persons that merthiolate in vaccines should be replaced by another
antibacterial agent.
PMID: 6447032, UI: 80245112
Nel 1984 reazioni allergiche
furono riscontrate con i vaccini contro tetano ed encefalite da zecche, e anche allora
venne suggerito il possibile ricorso ad alternative al thimerosal nella preparazione di
tali vaccini:
(3) Hautarzt 1984 Apr;35(4):192-6
[Reactions to vaccinations
against tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis caused by merthiolate].
Lindemayr H, Drobil M, Ebner H
Thirty patients with
suspected adverse reactions to tetanus- or tick-borne encephalitis-vaccines were subjected
to allergy tests. In 8 of 30 patients epicutaneous and/or intracutaneous tests with
merthiolate were positive.
Testing anorganic mercury,
formaldehyde, aluminium hydroxide, gentamycin and egg white (i.c. and RAST), no positive
reactions were found. After vaccination - prior to testing - merthiolate - positive
patients had suffered from local inflammatory reactions at the injection site, fever and
lymphadenopathy (four patients), urticarial (three patients) or lichenoid exanthemas (one
patient). Reviewing the literature it is suggested that alternatively merthiolate-free
vaccines be provided for sensitized individuals.PMID: 6724907, UI: 84211622
Nel 1990 simili reazioni
allergiche furono riportate anche per il vaccino contro l'epatite B:
(4) Dermatol Clin 1990
Jan;8(1):161-4
Reactions to thimerosal in
hepatitis B vaccines.
Rietschel RL, Adams RM
Department of Dermatology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Hypersensitivity to
thimerosal in vaccines has been reported to induce persistent local reactions, urticarial
and generalized exanthematic eruptions, and, in the case of the hepatitis B vaccine,
urticaria with asthma. The authors describe two cases of extensive reactions, one in a
patient who did not form antibodies to the principal vaccine antigen.
Although not all
thimerosal-sensitive patients develop adverse reactions to vaccines containing this
material, there is a potential risk, and the reactions can be very long
lasting.
PMID: 2137393,
UI: 90150805
La sensitizzazione allergica
al thimerosal in Austria, che per frequenza è ormai diventata seconda solo all'allergia
da nichel, è dovuta alle vaccinazioni ?
Una ricerca condotta nel 1991
diede risposta affermativa.
(5) Contact Dermatitis 1991
Jan;24(1):6-10
Vaccination despite
thimerosal sensitivity. Aberer W Department of Dermatology I, University of Vienna,
Austria.
Thimerosal sensitivity is extremely common in Austria, being surpassed as a contact
allergen only by nickel. This high incidence is still rising and is probably due to the
frequent vaccinations which are performed in Austria.
Most of the patch-test-positive patients had recently been immunized with
thimerosal-containing vaccines, and no other obvious sources of exposure to thimerosal
could be found. On retrospective questioning, 48 out of 50 patients had had no problems
with their recent immunization; the 2 who reported massive local reactions had received
their injections, against the recommendation of the manufacturer, subcutaneously. In a
prospective study, 12 thimerosal-sensitized persons received their follow-up immunization
at our department, and no side effects occurred. This enables us to conclude that
sensitization had occurred through vaccines, but that those amounts of thimerosal
delivered i.m. are not sufficient to elicit clinical symptoms. Patch-test positivity to
thimerosal thus represents no contra-indication to i.m. immunization with
thimerosal-containing vaccines.
PMID: 2044374,
UI: 91256734
Nel 1996 in Polonia venne
riferita allergia al thimerosal in più del 5% di 685 pazienti sottoposti a vaccinazioni o
immunoterapia anti-pollinosi, tutte effettuate con preparazioni contenenti thimerosal.
Specialmente il personale sanitario (quasi il 14% di esso) ne risultava affetto:(6) Med Pr
1996;47(2):125-31
[Allergic reaction to
merthiolate (a disinfectant) based on material from the Occupational Medicine Institute in
Lodz]. Kiec-Swierczynska M. Przychodni Chorob Zawodowych Szpitala Klinicznego, Instytutu
Medycyny Pracy, Lodzi.
Incidence and causes of allergy to merthiolate (thimerosal) was studied in 685 patients,
examined in the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, during the period from 1
September 1993 to 15 October 1995. Allergy to thimerosal was diagnosed in 39 persons
(5.7%) including 25 (6.3%) females and 14 (4.9%) males. Health service workers
predominated among those sensitized (13.8% of all medical personnel examined during that
period).
In 19 persons only allergy to
mercury was observed. Among them 7 showed no skin changes, 6 manifested symptoms of hand
dermatitis, in 4 patients atopic dermatitis and in 2 dermatitis diseminata were diagnosed.
Two patients suffered from allergic rhinitis. It was found that the general vaccination of
health service workers against viral hepatitis as well as immunotherapy with pollen
preparations containing thimerosal (Catalet, Biomed, Poland) were the main causes of
allergy to mertiolate.
Allergy to thiosalicyclic
acid was not observed and two persons reacted positively to mercuric
chloride.
PMID: 8656996,
UI: 96252600
Ai primi del 1999,
ricercatori italiani hanno riscontrato che il thimerosal induce sensitizzazione allergica
in bambini affetti da dermatite atopica (e che quindi è un possibile responsabile
dell'insorgenza della stessa).
(7) Contact Dermatitis 1999 Feb;40(2):94-7
Sensitization to thimerosal
in atopic children.
Patrizi A, Rizzoli L,
Vincenzi C, Trevisi P, Tosti A
Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
Thimerosal is an organic
mercurial compound widely used as a preservative in vaccines, eyedrops, and contact lens
cleaning and storage solutions. 5 infants, 2 female and 3 male, ranging in age from 7 to
28 months and affected by atopic dermatitis (AD) diagnosed according to the Hanifin and
Rajka criteria, experienced an exacerbation of their clinical condition 2-10 days after
mandatory vaccinations with vaccines containing thimerosal.
Cutaneous lesions of nummular
eczema appeared on the trunk, limbs and face.
All patients were patch
tested with serial dilutions of thimerosal in petrolatum. A positive patch test reaction
to thimerosal 0.1% pet. Was observed in all 5 children. 3 of them also showed a positive
reaction at 0. 01% and 0.05% pet. Despite their thimerosal-hypersensitivity, all children
completed the entire series of mandatory vaccinations, care being taken to use different
needles for injection and aspiration of the vaccine.
The 2-year follow-up did not
reveal other episodes of exacerbation of the AD after vaccination.
The present study confirms
the high frequency of sensitization to thimerosal in atopic children and suggests that
vaccination can cause clinical symptoms in sensitized children.
Nevertheless, sensitization
to thimerosal does not prevent children from continuing with mandatory
vaccinations.
PMID: 10048654,
UI: 99156441
Ma alla fine, sulla base
delle innegabili evidenze raggiunte fino ad oggi, e in considerazione del sempre crescente
numero di vaccinazioni che vengono fatte ai bambini e purtroppo anche in considerazione ai
danni che sono stati resi evidenti, recentemente è stato ufficialmente richiesto da parte
dei pediatri e della sanità pubblica americana di eliminare il thimerosal dai vaccini:
(8) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1999 Jul 9;48(26):563-5
Thimerosal in vaccines: a
joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health
Service.
The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Modernization Act of 1997 called for FDA to review and assess the
risk of all mercury-containing food and drugs.
In line with this review,
U.S. vaccine manufacturers responded to a December 1998 and April 1999 FDA request to
provide more detailed information about the thimerosal content of their preparations that
include this compound as a preservative. Thimerosal has been used as an additive to
biologics and vaccines since the 1930s because it is very effective in killing bacteria
used in several vaccines and in preventing bacterial contamination, parti cularly in
opened multidose containers. Some but not all of the vaccines recommended routinely for
children in the United States contain thimerosal.
PMID: 10418806,
UI: 99345147
(9) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1999 Nov 5;48(43):996-8
Recommendations regarding the
use of vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.
On October 20, 1999, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviewed
information about thimerosal in vaccines and received updates from CDC's National
Immunization Program and several vaccine manufacturers on the current and anticipated
availability of vaccines that do not contain thimerosal as a preservative. The review was
prompted by a joint statement about thimerosal issued July 8, 1999, by the American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Public Health Service (PHS) (1) and a comparable
statement released by the American Academy of Family Physicians (2).
These statements followed a
Congressionally mandated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review of mercury in drugs and
food, which included a reassessment of the use of thimerosal in vaccines.
PMID: 10577494,
UI: 20043426 - Link in
Internet sull’argomento:
http://www.aap.org/new/thimpublic.htm
Thimerosal in Vaccines - an
Interim Report to Clinicians
http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/jointvacc.htm
Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the United States Public
Health Service (PHS)
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4843a4.htm
Recommendations Regarding the Use of Vaccines - That Contain Thimerosal as a Preservative
vedi:
Bibliografia
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